Carbohydrates
1.How are carbohydrates metabolized? Answer in terms of where and how they are metabolized and their eventual fate in the body
2.What factors are involved in the regulation of glucose and how they specifically affect blood glucose concentration.
3.What is diabetes mellitus and what are the clinical laboratory assays that are used to diagnose and confirm this disorder?
4.What values constitute and abnormal versus a normal glucose tolerance?What does a borderline result indicate?
5.What are the underlying principles for each of the following methods abd what specific interferences might lead to the misinterpretation of results from these assays:glucose oxidase,glucose dehydrogenase and hexokinase?
6.What are the differences of type 1,type 2, and gestational diabetes mellitus? How do lab assay values compare between the three types?
7.What is Benedict's reagent and what assay is it used in?
8.What is the difference in value between the measurement of whole blood glucose and serum or plasma glucose?
Enzymes
1.What are diagnostic enzymes assessed?What criteria should a physiological enzyme possess before it is considered diagnostically useful?
2.What is the clinical significance of measuring creatine kinase (CK) and its isoforms in terms of myocardial infarction,skeletal muscle disease,and liver disease?
3.What are the chemical reactions catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase(LD) and CK ? In what tissues are these enzymes located? Where are the isoenzymes of these two enzymes specifically localised?
4.What are the sample requirements for LD and CK assays?What are the principal methods used to quantify these enzymes?Are there any special sample handling requirements ? Of measuring LD and CK and their isoenzymes?
5.What is the clinical significance of measuring LD and CK and their isoenzymes?
Kidney Function and Diseases
1.What are the components of the renal system,and what are the physiological functions of the primary parts of the nephron(glomerulus,distal and proximal tubules,loops of Henle)?What roles do the ureters,bladder and urethre play in renal function?
2.Define the following terms:clearance, glomerular filtration,GFR.
3.What is the formula used to calculate a creatinine clearance?How is this clearance related to glomerulus filtration rate?
4.What are the differences and similarities between end-stage renal disease,acute glomerulonephritis,nephritic syndrome,tubular disease,cystitis and pyelonephritis?
5.What are glomerular disorders?Tubular disorders?
6.What are the differences between acute and chronic kidney disease? What other physiological systems are affected by kidney failure?
7.How does urinalysis assist in the diagnosis of renal disease?
8.What lab assays are used to assess kidney function and disease?
9.Describe the procedure used for collecting 24-hr urine specimens,and problems related to this procedure.
10.Name the most common method for measuring serum creatinine and state its principle.
11.Estimate the glomerular filtration rate in a patient with a serum creatinine of 283umol/L,with an 18 hour urine specimen consisting of 1.7 liters and 7.5 mmol/L of creatinine.Comment on the limitations of these estimation.
12.Discuss the methods available for the assessment of glomerular filtration rate.
13.A male aged 35 years presenting with loin pain has a serum creatinine clearance of 150umol/L. A 24 hour urine of 2.160 L is collected and found to have a creatinine concentration of 7.5mmol/L.Calculate the creatinine clearance and comment on your results.An error in timed urine collection was subsequently reported by the nursing staff and the collection was reported to be 17hours .How does that affect the result and its interpretation?
14.Describe,with illustrations,the mechanics of glomerular filtration at the Bowman's capsule and the pressures involved in the process.
15.List the constituents in the filtrate that are selectively reabsorbed in the kidney tubules
